Slashing Space for Nature? Ireland Backsliding on CAP basics

Photo (c) Oliver Moore

Cutting space for nature on farms, from its own proposed level of 5% to just 4%, is the most brutal of adjustments mooted by the Department of  Agriculture, Food and the Marine (DAFM) in one of the final CAP consultations last Thursday. The Department proposes to further weaken this ambition by including crops in these areas, overall making a mockery of the no backsliding principle of the Common Agriculture Policy.  A list of five for the most part unambitious eco-schemes has also been announced, which will do little to move Irish agriculture towards a more environmentally sustainable place. 

Oliver Moore

The process to design a CAP Strategic Plan for the period 2023-2027 is coming to a conclusion after more than 3 years of negotiation. Critical new features of the CAP are new conditions for farmers to get the Basic Income Support (GAECs, Good Agricultural and Environmental Condition and SMRs – Statutory Mandatory Requirements) and eco-schemes – which replace greening.

In early September DAFM released a what amounts to its draft CAP Strategic Plan. The Public Consultation on Proposed Interventions was followed by a series of meetings, in person and virtual, and followed a range of submissions made by numerous groups (note – more were submitted than have been uploaded on the DAFM site).

What Condition is my Conditionality in? Backsliding on the Basics

An important condition – Good Agriculture and Environmental Condition (GAEC) requires farmers to avoid production on specific areas for biodiversity on their farms, commonly called as space for nature. Ireland is likely to apply this to all farmland, not just arable land as the agreed EU rules allow for. This positive however, is suddenly now tempered with attempt to reduce the proposed figure of 5% to 4% – the latter being the absolute lowest legally possible. As recently as the above September-dated document 5% was in fact put forward as “DAFM’s comments and possible implementation” (page 22) which has also been the DAFM position since May.

This is all the more baffling when research undertaken by Teagasc (DAFM agri research  wing) shows most Irish farms, including more intensively managed ones, easily reach and surpass this level

Oonagh Duggan of Birdwatch Ireland (members of Birdlife Europe) and spokesperson for the Environmental Pillar was not happy with this new development. “For over two years we have been calling on the Department to listen to the science and assign at least 10% space for nature on all farms with a focus on quality of habitats to give wildlife and other biodiversity a chance to survive. The Department has shown that it can and will increase ambition if it chooses. We call on the Department to set 5% of land as space for nature in GAEC 8, remove the proposal for crops in these important areas, increase ambition to 10% in eco-schemes and help farmers to improve the quality of habitats.”.

Duggan continues “Agriculture intensification is the single biggest driver of biodiversity loss in Ireland. People want more nature, not less and are sick of seeing ripped hedgerows and news of further declines in farmland birds like Curlew and Lapwing. The Dáil declared a biodiversity emergency in 2019 and now is the time to address the impacts of agriculture and ramp up ambition”

The Head of Advocacy at Birdwatch Ireland added “the data shows that there’s been a 45% increase in the number of farmland birds added to the Red List between 1998-2020 and the number now stands at 16. These species were all once common and widespread and now their future in Ireland is at risk.  These are mainly grassland species which are declining nationally due to the intensification of agriculture and afforestation, drainage causing loss of, and degradation of habitat.” 

Read the Environmental Pillar’s position on the proposed DAFM cuts

Eco-scheming

Photo (c) Oliver Moore

Eco-schemes will make up 25% of the Pillar one budget, and will thus account for hundreds of million of euro annually. The Public Consultation on Proposed Interventions contains (just) five eco-scheme proposals: 

Eco-scheme Proposals Ireland

A. Non-productive areas and landscape features
Increased proportion of land devoted to non-productive areas and features above the baseline required under GAEC 
B. Extensive livestock production
Specified maximum overall stocking rate for the calendar year.
C. Limiting Chemical Nitrogen Input
Specified Chemical Nitrogen usage limit for the calendar year.
D. Planting of Native Trees
Planting a minimum number of native trees per eligible hectare.
E. Use of GPS Controlled fertiliser spreader to apply chemical fertilisers
Application of chemical fertiliser with a GPS controlled fertiliser spreader

At a series of meetings last week, various stakeholder groups met with DAFM. These were bilaterials and a larger group meeting of a range of farming groups and the Environmental Pillar, representing 28 eNGOs in Ireland.

A core issue with these is the lack of change or ambition in these eco-schemes. Farmers will have to do two to gain full Pillar one payment. E on GPS controllers represents nothing more than the adoption of a technology – which doesn’t in fact even have to be turned on and applied to the levels of Nitrogen spread. This is technology not ecology. Farmers in consultation also pointed to the cost of such machinery and the uncertain role of external farm contractors making uptake unlikely. D on planting trees could be OK, but more information is need on what kind of trees and in which habitats, as damage could be done to ground nesting bird sites, to semi natural grassland habitats and so on. However this option is one that all farms, including dairy, could avail of.  C on limiting chemical nitrogen input is welcome by environmental groups, and with concurrent supports for mixed species swards and other beneficial practices, could be welcomed by farmers too – as often is the case, how the overall green architecture knits together is key. B on extensive livestock is a tricky one. It may be the case that extensive farmers will simply remain extensive, and receive the payment for this. Is this good enough? A on non-productive features depends on the quality of them fundamentally. Will catch crops be allowed in, for example, and what about ponds, dry stone walls etc? What will the weighting be between the different options? And what % overall? Indications are that this will be 7-8%. This, again, is too low. If conditionality drops to 5%, this ecoscheme goes to 7%, when and where will the 10% minimum be reached? ACEMs in Pillar two may reach this, but ACEMs will only reach about 40% of farmers in total.   

The main point put forward by DAFM in justifying these eco-schemes was to bring as many farmers as possible in in year one. They will be applicable all across Ireland, not regionally.  Tillage (cereal) farmers complained of the lack of a dedicated option for them, unlike for livestock, where extensive grazing is an option. There was a much mooted winter stubble fields option, supported by a range of actors, including on the CAPReform.EU blog, in a post by Norbert Roder and Alan Matthews, which did not in the end appear in the list.

For their part, larger more productive farmers including dairy farmers in the consultation meeting were exasperated at the lack of milk measuring and animal welfare options. While cases were made for the efficiency gains from healthier animals and more accurate milk data, an issue is that  eco-schemes are supposed to be about compensating for income forgone and costs incurred – not for efficiency and thus profitability gains, as we’ve reported on previously. 

For its part the Environmental Pillar expressed disappointment at the lack of environmental ambition in these options. Emphasising the need to get all 130,000 farmers into eco-schemes in the first instance, DAFM pointed out that this was just the first year and sign up numbers was key. Responding, Pillar reps asked then if a roadmap for increased ambition could at least be indicated, where year on year (incremental) improvements could be shown.

A conundrum here is that farmers can choose a different option year on year. Nevertheless, something more ambitious than simply joining needs to be clear if any sort of transition is on the cards. Otherwise, option E for example, looks like a small grant towards a nice piece of equipment, which may not even be part of subsequent activities if different eco-schemess are chosen. 

Notwithstanding these considerations, over the course of the remaining five years up to 2027, there is at least the potential to increase ambition. The question remains – will the department show what ambition might look like? Will there be an incremental ratcheting up of targets? The idea of doing anything new for no extra money can be controversial in the farming community, and yet, without change biodiversity will continue to collapse, and the climate trajectory, of increasing absolute emissions, will continue.

After 22 meetings of the CCC – the CAP Consultative Committee – in Ireland, there has at least been engagement. What happens to both eco-schemes and space for nature, when the final version of the CAP Strategic Plan is sent to the Commission, will say much about the state of nature in rural Ireland for this decade.

Oliver Moore attended the meetings with DAFM via the Environmental Pillar, as a member of Cultivate.

More on Ireland 

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Letter From The Farm | Health, Husbandry & High Quality Meat

Farm Specialisation or Diversification?

Feeding Ourselves 2021 – Policy Report Ireland

Organics, Agroforestry, Eco-schemes – for a Just Transition in Ireland

 

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About Oliver Moore 210 Articles

Dr. Oliver Moore is the communications director and editor-in-chief with ARC2020. He has a PhD in the sociology of farming and food, where he specialised in organics and direct sales. He is published in the International Journal of Consumer Studies, International Journal of Agricultural Resources, Governance and Ecology and the Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development. A weekly columnist and contributor with Irish Examiner, he is a regular on Countrywide (Irish farm radio show on the national broadcaster RTE 1) and engages in other communications work around agri-food and rural issues, such as with the soil, permaculture, climate change adaptation and citizen science initiative Grow Observatory . He lectures part time in the Centre for Co-operative Studies UCC.

A propos d'Oliver Moore
Oliver voyage beaucoup moins qu’auparavant, pour ce qui concerne son activité professionnelle. Il peut néanmoins admirer par la fenêtre de son bureau les mésanges charbonnières et les corbeaux perchés au sommet du saule dans le jardin de sa maison au cœur de l’écovillage de Cloughjordan, en Irlande. L’écovillage est un site de 67 acres dans le nord du Tipperary. Il comprend d’espaces boisés, des paysages comestibles, des lieux de vie, d’habitation et de travail, ainsi qu’une ferme appartenant à la communauté. Les jours où il travaille dans le bureau du centre d’entreprise communautaire, il profite d’une vue sur les chevaux, les panneaux solaires, les toilettes sèches et les jardins familiaux. 

Ce bureau au sein de l’écovillage constitue en effet un tiers-lieu de travail accueillant également des collaborateurs des associations Cultivate et Ecolise, ainsi qu’un laboratoire de fabrication (« fab lab »). 

Oliver est membre du conseil d’administration de la ferme communautaire (pour la seconde fois !) et donne également des cours sur le Master en coopératives, agroalimentaire et développement durable à l’University College Cork. Il a une formation en sociologie rurale : son doctorat et les articles qu’il publie dans des journaux scientifiques portent sur ce domaine au sens large.

Il consacre la majorité de son temps de travail à l’ARC 2020. Il collabore avec ARC depuis 2013, date à laquelle l’Irlande a assuré la présidence de l’UE pendant six mois. C’est là qu’il a pu constater l’importance de la politique agroalimentaire et rurale grâce à sa chronique hebdomadaire sur le site d’ARC. Après six mois, il est nommé rédacteur en chef et responsable de la communication, poste qu’il occupe toujours aujourd’hui. Oliver supervise le contenu du site web et des médias sociaux, aide à définir l’orientation de l’organisation et parfois même rédige un article pour le site web. 

À l’époque où on voyageait davantage, il a eu la chance de passer du temps sous les tropiques, où il a aidé des ONG irlandaises de commerce équitable – au Ghana, au Kenya, au Mali, en Inde et au Salvador – à raconter leur histoire.

Il se peut que ces jours-là reviennent. Pour son compte Oliver continuera de préférer naviguer en Europe par bateau, puis en train. Après tout, la France n’est qu’à une nuit de navigation. En attendant, il y a toujours de nombreuses possibilités de bénévolat dans la communauté dans les campagnes du centre de l’Irlande.